There are a lot of bookstores around, but finding one that specializes in Reformed Theology and Scottish church history is pretty unique. Such a bookstore actually exists in Scotland; it is called Edinburgh Books. In addition to lots of second-hand and antiquarian volumes on a million differing subjects, they have an entire room dedicated to Scottish church history. The well-stocked bookshelves run from the floor to the ceiling! I had the privilege of visiting this fine bookstore a little over a week ago. One additional benefit is that I got to go with a very old friend–Mr. Bill Potter. Bill is an absolute expert on Scottish church history, and especially on the Scottish Covenanters. I had a lot of fun discussing the value of various books that we found on the shelves, plus it led to some “sweet discoveries” that I thought about purchasing. And so, what did I actually buy?
Here we are rummaging through the Scottish church history section like two kids in a candy shop!
In answer I have to admit that I didn’t buy as much as I wanted to buy! I had to keep in mind not only my finances, but also how much room I had in my suitcase and what it might weigh with the added weight. Specifically, I was delighted to find a hardbound copy of Prof. Jane Dawson’s well-regarded biography of John Knox; Robert Shaw’s An Exposition of the Confession of Faith; a hardbound copy of Thomas Watson’s The Ten Commandments; a collection of Roger Nicole’s theological writings; and a classic work on Scottish church history by T. Ratcliffe Barnett, The Story of the Covenant. Wow, what a spectacular haul!
Overall this was a delightful excursion, and one that I hope to repeat on my next trip to Scotland! If you ever find yourself in Edinburgh this is the bookstore you want to visit. My earnest recommendation for you is taken from the life of Augustine when a small child said to him, “Tolle Lege, Tolle Lege!“–“take up and read, take up and read!”
Here we are exploring the ruins of St. Andrews Castle
My wife and I just returned from a glorious trip to Scotland! Once I go through all of my many pictures, I’ll post images of some of the historic and special places that we visited. But, in the meantime let me say that I was stuck by the deep and abiding sense of history throughout all of Scotland. Where else could you go in one day and visit the ancient monastery tower of St. Rule (4th Century), the site of two significant Protestant martyrs, Patrick Hamilton and George Wishart (16th Century), the grave of the beloved Presbyterian preacher and professor, Samuel Rutherford (17th Century), and also enjoy some excellent fish and chips for lunch at Cromars (21st Century)? We experienced all of this in St. Andrews, UK. It was a wonderful treat to be there and spend an entire day soaking-up all the sights and sounds of this fascinating and historic city. More insights to come…
“Live in Christ, die in Christ, and the flesh need not fear death.” John Knox
John Knox understood that those who followed him needed to be counseled, encouraged, exhorted, strengthened, and prayed for. He did all of these things as often as he could and as a result God blessed his leadership abilities. Consider these comments evaluating his style of leadership by two eminent historians of the Scottish Reformation, and by a contemporary historian.
First of all, reflect on these words about John Knox from the Scottish Presbyterian historian Dr. James Wylie:
A rendition of John Knox preaching from his movable pulpit
From the time of his famous sermon in St. Andrews, Knox has been the soul of the movement. The year that followed was one of incessant and herculean labor. His days were spent in preaching, his nights in writing letters. He roused the country, and he kept it awake. His voice like a great trumpet rang through the land, firing the lukewarm to zeal, and inspiring the timid into courage. When the friends of the Reformation quarreled, he reconciled and united them. When they sank into despondency he rallied their spirits. He himself never desponded. Cherishing a firm faith that his country’s Reformation would be consummated, he neither sank under labor, nor fell back before danger, nor paused in the efforts he found it necessary every moment to put forth. He knew how precious the hours were, and that if the golden opportunity were lost it would never return. He appealed to the patriotism of the nobles and citizens.
Wylie, The History of the Protestantism, Volume 3, 494
And now here are the comments on Knox’s leadership abilities from an American Presbyterian historian Dr. Henry Sheldon:
He was distinguished by the same vigor, decision, and determination as Calvin. With less of intellectual breadth and penetration, he combined a larger gift of popular eloquence. His bold and incisive address penetrated the minds of his countrymen much as did the burning words of Luther the minds of the Germans. As one wrote to Cecil, the single voice of Knox was more inspiring to the Scots than five hundred trumpets blustering in their ears.
Sheldon, History of the Christian Church, volume 3, Part 1, 321-322
A further example of Knox’s leadership abilities occurred in 1560 when he preached to a hopelessly outnumbered Scottish army which gathered to repel a French invasion of Scotland. Knox proclaimed the importance of trusting in God even in the darkest of circumstances. In particular, he expounded the moving text of Matthew 14:22-23 when Jesus walked on the water. Here is a sample of Knox’s preaching taken from his History of the Reformation in Scotland:
“The danger in which the disciples of Jesus Christ stood, when they were in the midst of the sea and Jesus was upon the mountain.” His exhortation was, that we should not faint, but that we should still row against the contrarious blasts, till Jesus Christ should come:—“I am as assuredly persuaded that God shall deliver us from this extreme trouble, as I am assured that this is the Evangel of Jesus Christ that I preach unto you this day. The fourth watch is not yet come. Abide a little! The boat shall be saved; and Peter, who hath left the boat, shall not drown. God grant that ye may acknowledge His hand after your eyes have seen His deliverances.” In that sermon he comforted many.
Knox, The History of the Reformation in Scotland, 195-196
Thanks in part to his leadership and exhortation, this small Scottish army—which was called The Congregation—was able to harass and trouble the French invaders until, at last, they were forced to retreat from Scotland, having lost many men.
Finally, the contemporary historian Douglas Bond makes the following comments on Knox’s preaching, as well as quoting Knox’s own thoughts on preaching. Bond thoughtfully summarizes Knox’s passionate approach to preaching,
Trusting the power of God, Knox laid out the goals of his preaching: “The end I proposed in all my preaching was to instruct the ignorant, to confirm the weak, to comfort the consciences of those who were humbled under the sense of their sins, and bear down, with the threatening of God’s judgment, such as were proud and rebellious.” He concluded that he “labored with all [his] power to gain them to Christ.” Knox’s pulpit ministry is best summed up in his own words: “I did distribute the bread of life as of Christ Jesus I had received it.” Whether setting forth the Gospel of Christ, encouraging the persecuted, or decrying idolatry, the goal of his exhortation was that Christ would have no rival in his hearer’s hearts. One burning passion drove Knox: “I feel a sob and a groan, willing that Christ Jesus might be openly preached in my native country, although it should be with the loss of my wretched life.” For Knox, preaching was all about proclaiming the evangel of Jesus Christ, giving good news to a world that for too long had heard only bad news. Yes, he thundered vehemently against idolatry in the pulpit, but he did so because he wanted his hearers to see Christ alone in all the Scriptures. He preached the free grace of the gospel because he wanted men not to depend in any degree upon the works of the law for their justification.
douglas Bond, “Power in the Pulpit” in The Mighty Weakness of John Knox, 51, 53-54, 66.
This kind of preaching in the church of Jesus Christ is sorely needed today! Let us humbly pray that God will raise-up a new generation of men like John Knox to boldly preach the gospel and to serve the church of Jesus Christ.
Resources for Further Study:
Bond, Douglas. The Mighty Weakness of John Knox. Orlando, FL: Reformation Trust Publishing, 2011.
Knox, John, The History of the Reformation in Scotland, Charles J. Guthrie, ed., Edinburgh, Scotland: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1982.
Reid, W. Stanford. Trumpeter of God: A Biography of John Knox. New York, NY: Charles Scriber’s Sons, 1974.
Sheldon, Henry C. History of the Christian Church. Volume 3. New York, NY: T. Y. Crowell & Company, 1894.
Taylor, William M. The Scottish Pulpit: From the Reformation to the Present Day. New York, NY: Charles Burnet and Company, 1887; Birmingham, AL: Solid Ground Christian Books, Reprint, 2004.
Woodbridge, John D. (ed.), Great Leaders of the Christian Church, Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988.
Wylie, James A. The History of Protestantism. 3 Volumes. Kilkeel, N. Ireland: Mourne Missionary Trust, 1990.
Rev. Dr. Marcus J. Serven, ThM and DMin
The Genevan Foundation – Copyright 2023 – All Rights Reserved
Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh–this edifice was the symbol of royalty, power, and authority in Scotland
“Kiss the Son, lest he be angry, and you perish in the way.” Psalm 2:12a
— Written by Dr. Marcus J. Serven
One of the practical applications that John Knox (c.1514-1572), the famous Scottish Reformer, developed in his theology was the Bible’s teaching on the lesser magistrate. Knox believed that all magistrates serve at God’s good pleasure and therefore are responsible to God for upholding and enforcing his holy law (Rom. 13:1-4; 1 Pet. 2:13-14). Moreover, the subjects of magistrates are obligated to honor and support them as they engage in their duties. Knox understood that all magistrates, however, would be held accountable by God when they disobey His holy Law (Ps. 2:10-12; Jer. 37:1-21). He argues,
John Knox in his maturity
“…for it is a thing more than certain, that whatsoever God required of the civil magistrate in Israel or Judah, concerning the observation of true religion during the time of the law, the same does he require of lawful magistrates professing Christ Jesus in the time of the gospel, as the Holy Ghost has taught us by the mouth of David, saying, Psalm 2, ‘Be learned you that judge the earth. Kiss the Son, lest that the Lord wax angry, and that ye perish from the way.’ This admonition did not extend to the judges under the law only, but also does include all such as be promoted to honours in the time of the gospel, when Christ Jesus does reign and fight in his spiritual kingdom, whose enemies in the Psalm are first most sharply taxed, their fury expressed, and vanity mocked; and then are the kings and judges, who think themselves free from all law and obedience, commanded to serve the Eternal in fear, to rejoice before him in trembling, to kiss the Son (that is, to give unto him most humble obedience): whereof it is evident that the rulers, magistrates, and judges, now in Christ’s kingdom, are no less bound to obedience unto God, than were those under the law.”
Knox, “The Appellation” in Selected Writings of John Knox, 499-500
Thus, all magistrates are not to govern arbitrarily, nor are they free to establish their own laws according to their own pleasure. They must uphold the righteous standard that has been instituted by God himself, or suffer His judgements. In essence, the Bible teaches that there is a “higher law” (i.e. God’s Law) that is above any of the laws of men which may have been legislated under the magistrate’s authority (Exod. 20:1-17 ; Deut. 5:6-21; Matt. 22:34-40). This “higher law” regulates the activities of the magistrate as well as the activities of the people. All are responsible to God; both the magistrates and the people. But the magistrate bears a special responsibility before God to uphold a righteous standard. With this concept in mind, Knox addresses the magistrates with these persuasive words,
Consider, my lords, that you are powers ordained by God (as before is declared), and therefore does the reformation of religion, and the defense of such as unjustly are oppressed, appertain to your charge and care, which thing shall the law of God, universally given to be kept of all men, most evidently declare; which is my last and most assured reason, why, I say, you ought to remove from honours and punish with death such as God has condemned by his own mouth.”
Knox, “The Appellation” in Selected Writings of John Knox, 508
Therefore, Knox argues that evil and tyrannical magistrates—whether they are kings, queens, princes, nobles, or judges—in certain select circumstances, can be resisted by the citizenry. The people are not free to wantonly rebel against unrighteous magistrates. They can, however, after a lengthy season of prayer and exemplary patience remove unrighteous magistrates from their office as long as they are led by duly established “lesser magistrates” (i.e. Knox calls this the doctrine of “interposition”). In brief, only these “lesser magistrates” can lead the people in removing the “greater magistrates.” In the face of persistent evil activity, Knox insisted that it actually was the duty of godly citizens to remove evil and tyrannical leaders. As well, the lesser magistrates had the responsibility (or duty) of leading the people in removing unrighteous greater magistrates. Under these parameters the action of removing an unrighteous magistrate is not wanton rebellion, but it is a godly response to wickedness and tyranny. Dr. Joseph Morecraft summarizes this position,
Knox’s major contribution to the Reformation and to Western Civilization was his teaching on the legitimacy of resistance against tyranny, including the use of armed force by the citizenry, led by a lesser magistrate, against a tyrannical or idolatrous head of state, after all others efforts have failed. Christian citizens and lesser magistrates have the duty to remove tyrants from office. Moreover, armed resistance is justifiable, according to Knox, only if two preconditions have been met: “the first of which was the trying of other means, including prayer and patience. The second condition was that armed resistance must be led by legitimate lesser magistrates…” Knox cited Jeremiah 37 as the scriptural basis for ministers advocating resistance against tyrannical authorities. Knox was not a revolutionary, however, as his life and sermons prove. Although he believed that resistance to tyranny was every Christian’s duty, he could also say, “We mean neyther seditions, neyther yit rebellion against any just and lauchfull authorities, but onlie the advancement of Christes religion, and the liberties of this poore Realme.”
Morecraft, “Calvin’s Influence on Scotland” in John Calvin: Man of the Millennium, 270-271
It was this kind of practical application of the Bible’s teaching on resisting tyrannical rulers that resulted in the rapid progress of liberty throughout the Western world. Evil and tyrannical governments were resisted and thrown off in Scotland, England, France, Germany, Holland, and at a later time in the American Colonies during the Revolutionary War. Other theologians who followed after John Knox would further develop the details of his political theology, but the original seed came from Knox as he struggled with how to bring religious liberty to Scotland, his own beloved country.
Mary, Queen of Scots
One example of Knox’s theology of resistance to tyrants can be found in his personal relationship with Mary, Queen of Scots. Prior to Mary’s arrival in Scotland as the new regent, the Scottish Parliament in 1560 determined to adopt the Scots Confession which rejected Roman Catholicism and replaced it with the Reformed faith. As a result, the observance of the Roman Catholic Mass was condemned throughout the country. Those who led the Mass were placed under the penalty of death, and those who participated in it were liable to imprisonment. Queen Mary had been raised in France as a dedicated Roman Catholic. When she returned to Scotland in 1561, some in the Scottish Parliament granted her the concession to hold a private Mass led by her own personal Chaplain in Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh. Others in the Scottish Parliament strongly disapproved of this concession and threatened Queen Mary with arrest. In the midst of this turmoil, since John Knox had preached against her holding a private Mass, Queen Mary invited Knox to give an answer for his perceived rebellious attitude. These proved to be stormy sessions, but they served to clarify Knox’s theology and they forced Mary to come to grips with the reality that many of her subjects had an extreme distaste toward her practice of observing Mass in her own private quarters. Many Scots agreed with Knox’s view that the Mass was idolatrous, and they were offended that their sovereign—Mary, Queen of Scots—would participate in such a practice. They also worried that Mary would seek to reimpose Roman Catholicism upon Scotland, and that they would be forced to worship as she did. Many of the Scots had at that time resolved to worship God only according to the teachings of the Bible, and not by the traditions of men. Dr. Richard Greaves explains,
In September 1561 Mary inquired of him if subjects could resist their sovereigns. Knox’s reply implied the existence of a covenant between God and temporal princes. If the latter exceeded the bounds imposed on them by God, subjects had to disobey because of their duty to obey God. Princes who persecuted Protestants were, in their blind zeal, subject to a mad frenzy, and had to be restrained by their subjects until their minds became sober…He repeated his beliefs to Mary again in 1563, but explicitly warned her that idolaters could be lawfully executed by believers…Knox also called attention to the mutual covenant between sovereigns and subjects, and clearly affirmed the right of subjects to disobey if sovereigns did not fulfill their obligations, which he summarized as protection and defense against evil doers. “Consider…what it is that ye aught to do unto them by mutual contract. They are bound to obey you, and that not but in God. Ye are bound to keep laws unto them. Ye crave of them service: they crave of you protection and defense against wicked doers.” If Mary failed to fulfill her duty to her subjects, she would not receive their full obedience. On that note the interview concluded.
Greaves, Theology & Revolution in the Scottish Reformation, 141-142
Hence, we can see how the theology of John Knox had a demonstrative impact in his relations with Mary, Queen of Scots. He urged her to repent of her idolatry. She urged him to not rebel against her authority. In their clash, we witness an example of the progress of liberty in Scotland: the Parliament resolved (1) that the regent could no longer determine the religion of the subjects, and (2) that the religious convictions of the populace over-ruled the religious practices of the regent. At that time, it must be acknowledged, that many Scots desired to live as free men and women when it came to the practice of their religion. The Scottish Reformation was built upon such a strong desire.
In subsequent years the rallying cry of the Scottish Covenanters would express these same sentiments: the motto “For Christ’s Crown and Covenant” affirmed that only Jesus Christ was the head of the church (or Kirk). It was due to the efforts of John Knox that liberty in Scotland came about. His emphasis on the responsibilities of the “lesser magistrates” to overthrow tyrannical “greater magistrates” furthered the cause of religious freedom in Scotland. Beyond that, the lawful resistance of tyrants became a foundational concept that was applied in many nations over the next century in the progress of liberty.
An Addendum:
I am indebted to Dr. Joseph Morecraft, III, for his fine summary of John Knox’s view of the covenantal nature of civil government. Here it is…
“The Covenantal Basis of Civil Government”
by Dr. Joseph Morecraft, III
“Knox taught that a just civil government is covenantal, or federal, i.e. based on a series of covenants that define its authority, limitations, functions, powers, and responsibilities. According to Knox:
— The civil magistrate is in covenant with God, promising to rule according to His revealed Law and to oppose idolatry, (2 Kings 23:1-3).
— The civil magistrate is in covenant with the people, promising to rule over them righteously and for their protection, (2 Chronicles 15).
— The people are in covenant with the civil magistrate, promising to submit to his righteous government, as long as he is faithful to his covenants, (2 Chronicles 15).
— The people are in covenant with God, promising to be His faithful people, Exodus 34. This federal approach to civil government is the legal basis for our Declaration of Independence of 1776.”
Source: Dr. Joseph Morecraft III, “Calvin’s Influence on Scotland” in John Calvin: Man of the Millennium (San Antonio, TX: The Vision Forum, Inc., 2008), 269-271.
Select Biography:
These four books have greatly shaped my own understanding of the responsibilities of the “Lesser Magistrates”–take-up and read!
Bond, Douglas. The Mighty Weakness of John Knox. Orlando, FL: Reformation Trust Publishing, 2011.
Dawson, Jane. “Right of Resistance” in Encyclopedia of the Reformed Faith. Donald K. McKim, ed. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992.
Greaves, Richard L. Theology & Revolution in the Scottish Reformation: Studies in the Thought of John Knox. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1980.
Kelly, Douglas F. The Emergence of Liberty in the Modern World. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1992.
Kirk, James. “Scottish Reformation” in Encyclopedia of the Reformed Faith. Donald K. McKim, ed. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992.
Knox, John. “The Appellation Addressed to the Nobility and Estates of Scotland” in Selected Writings of John Knox. Kevin Reed, ed. Dallas, TX: Presbyterian Heritage Publications, 1995.
Kyle, Richard J. “John Knox” in Encyclopedia of the Reformed Faith. Donald K. McKim, ed. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992.
McCrie, Thomas. The Life of John Knox. Glasgow, Scotland: Free Presbyterian Publications, 1811; Reprint 1991.
McCrie, Thomas. The Story of the Scottish Church. London, Great Britain: Blackie and Son, 1875; Glasgow, Scotland: Free Presbyterian Publications, Reprint 1988.
Morecraft, III, Joseph. “Calvin’s Influence on Scotland” in John Calvin: Man of the Millennium. San Antonio, TX: The Vision Forum Inc., 2008.
Reid, W. Stanford. Trumpeter of God: A Biography of John Knox. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1974.
Trewella, Matthew J. The Doctrine of the Lesser Magistrates: A Proper Resistance to Tyranny and a Repudiation of the Unlimited Obedience to Civil Government. North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013.
Rev. Dr. Marcus J. Serven, ThM and DMin
The Genevan Foundation – Copyright 2023 – All Rights Reserved
Under threat of death, John Knox boldly preaches in St. Andrews Cathedral, June 11, 1559
“In the hearts of Scotsmen…he became the Moses of the Scots; more indeed, for he was their Amos and their Isaiah too…” Geddes MacGregor
Written by Dr. Marcus J. Serven
John Knox (1514-1572)
Who was John Knox? Briefly stated: he was born in Scotland, attended classes at St. Andrews University, experienced a life-changing conversion to Jesus Christ and a call to the ministry; he was enslaved by the French and forced to row all over the North Atlantic coming close to death while in captivity; in God’s kind providence he was released and became a diligent and esteemed pastor in England; he fled to Europe during the reign of Bloody Mary, and while there he ministered to English exiles in Frankfurt, Germany and later in Geneva, Switzerland; he studied at the feet of John Calvin. He was a husband to Marjorie Bowes, and after her untimely death, to Margaret Stewart; he was a father to two sons and three daughters. In triumph he returned to his native Scotland where he courageously advanced the cause of the Reformation as a pastor at St. Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh for the remainder of his life. After his death, he became widely known as an author with his gripping book, The History of the Reformation in Scotland (which is still in print). By his preaching and teaching, he was able to bring virtually all of Scotland to a thorough-going knowledge of the Lord Jesus Christ and he engendered in the Scots a stalwart resolve to advance Christ’s Kirk (or, Church) here on earth. This is why many of the spiritual descendants of Knox—the Scottish Covenanters, the English Puritans and Pilgrims, and the American Presbyterians and Reformed Baptists—uniformly thank God for the life and ministry of John Knox. The “rallying cry” of the Scots Covenanters and their spiritual children is “For Christ’s Crown and Covenant” and this motto is directly connected to the preaching of John Knox.
HIS EARLY YEARS: BIRTH AND PREPARATION (1514-1542)
Patrick Hamilton (1503-1528)
1514 – John Knox is born at Giffordgate on the outskirts of Haddington, on southern plains of Scotland; some place his date of birth much earlier in 1505
1528 – The young scholar Patrick Hamilton is martyred for his faith in St. Andrews–all of Scotland grieves his death
1532 – Knox was sent by his father to study at the University of St. Andrews
1536 – In March, John Calvin published the Institutes of the Christian Religion in Basle
1540 – Knox is ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood; and serves as a Papal notary
HIS CONVERSION: NEW LIFE & CALL TO MINISTRY (1543-1547)
John Knox bearing his two-handed sword to protect George Wishart
1543 – Knox begins tutoring the young sons of two Scottish Lords open to Protestantism
1543 – Knox is converted to Christ after reading John 17, he refers to this passage as “Where I cast my first anchor.”
1544 – He serves the bold Scottish evangelist, George Wishart, as a personal body guard and carries a large two-handed sword to defend him
1546 – George Wishart is captured by Cardinal David Beaton, quickly tried & burned alive on March 1, 1546 outside the Castle of St. Andrews
1546 – In revenge, Cardinal David Beaton is murdered by several young Scottish assassins who take refuge in St. Andrews Castle
1547 – Knox is called to preach by Chaplain John Rough and the people of St. Andrews Castle
1547 – Knox preaches his 1st sermon in the parish church of St. Andrews Castle
AS A GALLEY-SLAVE: THE “SOBS OF MY HEART” (1548-1549)
A French Galley Ship rowed by captives–for nineteen months John Knox was one of these slaves until he was delivered!
1548 – St. Andrew’s Castle falls to French forces; all are captured and enslaved
1548 – Knox is forced to be a galley-slave on the French ship, Notre Dame
1548 – Knox assists his friend Sir Henry Balnaves in writing a Treatise on Justification
1549 – Near death, Knox prophesies that he will once again preach in St. Andrews Kirk
1549 – As a result of English negotiations, Knox is providentially released in March from the galley-ship after nineteen months of enslavement
1549 – Knox makes his way to England; is licensed to preach by the English Privy Council
IN ENGLAND: AS A PREACHER OF THE WORD (1549-1553)
King Edward VI (1537-1553)
1549 – Knox is appointed as a preacher in Berwick, England
1549 – Knox meets Mrs. Elisabeth Bowes of Aske, and her daughter Marjorie
1549 – the 1st edition of the Book of Common Prayer is adopted; Knox assists Thomas Cramner in this project
1550 – Knox writes Vindication of the Doctrine that the Mass is Idolatry in Newcastle
1550 – Knox writes a practical treatise on True Prayer, and how we should pray
1551 – He receives a formal ministerial call to Newcastle, England
1551 – Elected to serve as one of six Royal Chaplains to King Edward VI
1552 – the 2nd edition of the Book of Common Prayer is adopted
1553 – Edward VI dies on July 6, and Mary I becomes the Queen of England
1553 – Mary begins her bloody persecution of the Protestants; many flee to Europe
ON THE CONTINENT: DIEPPE, FRANKFORT, & GENEVA (1554-1558)
John Calvin, Head Minister of Geneva, Switzerland
1554 – In January, Knox flees to France and takes up temporary residence in Dieppe, Netherlands
1554 – He writes A Godly Letter of Warning or Admonition to the faithful in London, Newcastle, and Berwick
1554 – In March, Knox visits John Calvin in Geneva, then returns to Dieppe
1554 – Knox quietly enters into a binding engagement with Marjorie Bowes
1554 – Writes Two Comfortable Epistles to his Afflicted Brethren in England
1554 – Writes A Faithful Admonition to the Professors of God’s Truth in England
1554 – In August, Knox returns to Geneva for the purpose of study with John Calvin
1554 – In November, Knox is called to serve as the pastor to English refugees in Frankfort, Germany
1554 – Knox befriends the young scholar William Whittingham in Frankfort
1555 – In March, Knox is ousted by the unruly congregation in Frankfort over disputes about the proper forms of worship
1555 – Knox returns briefly to Scotland and secretly marries Marjorie Bowes; returns to Dieppe
1556 – In May, Knox begins an extended preaching mission throughout Scotland
1556 – Knox writes the Queen Mother, Mary of Guise, of the need for reform in the Kirk
1556 – Knox leaves Scotland, reunites with Marjorie and her mother; travels to Geneva
John Knox in his maturity
1557 – Birth of his 1st son, Nathaniel, and later a 2nd son, Eleazer; both are born in Geneva
1557 – Knox intends to return to Scotland, but is warned off by friends; he remains in Dieppe
1557 – Writes The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
1558 – Knox returns to Geneva and works out his theory of a “godly revolution” and the resistance of tyrants through the interposition of lesser magistrates
1558 – Knox writes a massive treatise On Predestination in Geneva; published in 1560
1558 – Works with William Whittingham translating the Geneva Bible; published in 1560
1558 – Mary I, “Bloody Mary”, dies on November 17th and is succeeded by Elizabeth I
IN SCOTLAND: ADVANCING THE REFORMATION (1559-1560)
St. Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh
1559 – In January, most of Knox’s congregation safely returns to England
1559 – Knox arrives at Leith, Scotland on May 2nd and begins preaching in Perth
1559 – On June 11th Knox preaches at St. Andrews under threat of death; he fulfills his prophecy of preaching once again in St. Andrews
1559 – On June 29th Knox begins preaching at St. Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh; opposition to reform increases
1560 – On June 11th the Queen Mother, Mary of Guise, suddenly dies
1560 – In August, Knox and five other “Johns” write the Scots Confession; adopted by Parliament
1560 – In December, Knox’s wife Marjory, his “dear bedfellow,” dies in Edinburgh (24 yrs. old)
IN THE CRUCIBLE: SEVERE TRIALS IN EDINBURGH (1560-1570)
Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1587)
1561 – In January, the Book of Discipline is presented to Parliament and rejected
1561 – In August, Marie Stuart, “Mary, Queen of Scots”, arrives to assume her throne
1561 – 1st audience with Marie Stuart regarding her authority as Queen and private Mass
1561 – 2nd audience with Marie Stuart regarding Knox’s sermon critical of her actions
1562 – 3rd audience with Marie Stuart regarding Roman Catholic priests saying Easter Mass in her Chapel at Holyrood
1562 – 4th audience with Marie Stuart regarding her plans to marry a Spanish Prince
1562 – 5th audience with Marie Stuart regarding Knox’s suspected treason; he is formally accused
1562 – After a stout defense Knox is unanimously acquitted of treason by the Scottish Lords
1564 – Knox (50 yrs. old) marries Margaret Stewart (17 yrs. old); three daughters follow: Martha, Margaret, and Elizabeth
1565 – In July, Mary Queen of Scots weds Lord Darnley; confers on him the title of “King Henry”
1566 – James VI is born to Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley
1567 – In February, the Earl of Bothwell murders Lord Darnley (King Henry)
1567 – On May 15th Mary Queen of Scots weds the Earl of Bothwell to public outrage
1567 – In August, Mary Queen of Scots is deposed by the Scots General Assembly
1568 – Marie Stuart, the ex-Queen, escapes her captivity by fleeing to Elizabeth I in England
1570 – Civil War breaks out in Scotland
1571 – An assassin’s bullet is fired through the window of Knox’s study but misses its intended target
THE END NEARS: ST. ANDREWS AND EDINBURGH (1571-1572)
An ignominious end? John Knox’s grave in Edinburgh is now space #23 in a parking lot
1571 – In May, Knox temporarily moves to St. Andrews due to the Civil War that has broken out
1571 – Knox finishes compiling material for his History of the Reformation in Scotland
1572 – In August, Knox returns to Edinburgh and resumes preaching at St. Giles
1572 – On November 24th after hearing his wife read aloud John 17, “Where I cast my first anchor,” John Knox dies in his bed at Edinburgh (58 yrs. old)
He is buried next to St. Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh, Scotland
Here are four fine volumes on the life and ministry of John Knox and those who followed him
Select Bibliography:
Bond, Douglas. The Mighty Weakness of John Knox. Orlando, FL: Reformation Trust Publishing, 2011.
Cameron, Nigel M. de S., ed. Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 1993
“Book of Common Order (1564)”, by H.R, Sefton
“First Book of Discipline”, by J. Kirk
“Kirk Session”, by A.I. Dunlop
“Major (Mair), John”, by J. Kirk
“Reformation, Scottish”, by J. Kirk
“St. Giles”, by G.I. Macmillan
Dawson, Jane. John Knox. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.
Douglas, J. D., ed. The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church. Revised edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1978.
“Beaton, David”, by J.D. Douglas
“Calvin, John”, by W.S. Reid
“Calvinism”, by W.S. Reid
“Common Order, Book of”, by W.S. Reid
“Discipline, Books of”, by Adam Loughridge
“Edward VI”, by P.W. Petty
“England, Church Of”, by John A. Simpson
“Geneva Bible”, by Robert D. Linder
“Genevan Academy”, by W.S. Reid
“Henry VIII”, by Robert Schnucker
“James VI (of Scotland) and I (of England)”, by Henry R. Sefton
“Knox, John”, by Richard L. Greaves
“Mary, Queen of Scots”, by Henry R. Sefton
“Mary Tudor”, by Peter Toon
“Presbyterianism”, by W.S. Reid
“Reformation, The”, by Robert D. Linder
“Scots Confession”, by W.S. Reid
“Scotland”, by W.S. Reid
“Scotland, Church of”, by W.S. Reid
“Wishart, George”, by J.D. Douglas
Knox, John. The History of the Reformation in Scotland. Charles J. Guthrie, ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: The Banner of Truth Trust, Reprint 1982.
Knox, John. Select Practical Writings of John Knox. The Committee of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, 1845; Reprint, Edinburgh, Scotland: The Banner of Truth Trust, 2011.
Lindsay, Thomas M. A History of the Reformation. 2 Volumes. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949.
MacGregor, Geddes. The Thundering Scot. London, England: MacMillan and Company LTD, 1958.
McEwen, James S. The Faith of John Knox. London, England: Lutterworth Press, 1961.
McFeeters, J. C. Sketches of the Covenanters. Philadelphia, PA: The Second Church of the Covenanters, 1913.
M’Crie, Thomas. The Life of John Knox. Originally published in 1811; Reprint, Glasgow, Scotland: Free Presbyterian Publications, 1991.
M’Crie, Thomas. The Story of the Scottish Church. London, England: Blackie and Son, 1875.
Morecraft, Joseph. “Calvin’s Influence on Scotland” in Volmer, Philip. John Calvin: Man of the Millennium. San Antonio, TX: The Vision Forum, 2009.
Murray, Ian H. A Scottish Christian Heritage. Edinburgh, Scotland: The Banner of Truth Trust, 2006.
Reed, Kevin, ed. Selected Writings of John Knox. Dallas, TX: Presbyterian Heritage Publications, 1995.
Reid, W. Stanford. Trumpeter of God: A Biography of John Knox. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1974.
Ridely, Jasper. John Knox. London, England: Oxford University Press, 1968.
Schaaf, Philip. The Creeds of Christendom. 6th Edition. Reprint, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1983.
Sefton, Henry R. John Knox: An Account of the Development of His Spirituality. Edinburgh, Scotland: Saint Andrew Press, 1993.
Whitley, Elizabeth. The Plain Mr. Knox. Reprint, Ross-Shire, Scotland: Christian Focus Publications, 2001.
Wylie, James A. The History of Protestantism. 3 Volumes. Kilkeel, N. Ireland: Mourne Missionary Trust, 1990.
Dr. Marcus Serven, ThM and DMin The Genevan Foundation – Copyright 2016 – All Rights Reserved
Martin Luther celebrating Christmas with his family and close friends
“The true Christian religion is incarnational and thus does not begin at the top, as all other religions do; it begins at the bottom. You must run directly to the manger and the mother’s womb, embrace the Infant and Virgin’s Child in your arms and look at Him—born, being nursed, growing up, going about in human society, teaching, dying, rising again, ascending above all the heavens, and having authority over all things.” (Martin Luther as quoted in Christmas Spirit, George Grant & Gregory Wilbur, eds. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House, 1999; page 31)
School of Discipleship – Winter/Spring Term (2023)–class begins January 15
Redeemer Presbyterian Church in Austin, TX
Class Description:
What is the meaning of the term “Presbyterian?” Many people automatically think of a church that is “ruled by elders”—and that would certainly be true. There is so much more, however, to the term “Presbyterian” than just a particular form of church government. There are theological doctrines, church practices, and a style of worship that makes Presbyterianism rather unique in comparison to other forms of Christianity. Moreover, there is a fascinating history that stretches from the Scottish Covenanters during the Reformation all the way to the Presbyterian Church in America during this modern era. Join us for a rich tour through Presbyterian history and theology. You will learn about many aspects of Presbyterianism—some that may be entirely new to you—and you will learn it from two dedicated Presbyterian Pastors.
Class Instructors:
— Rev. Jonathan Herr, Assistant Pastor at Redeemer Presbyterian Church
— Rev. Dr. Marcus J. Serven, Pastor of Christian Discipleship at Redeemer Presbyterian Church
Recommended Books:
Hart, Darryl G. and John R. Muether. Seeking a Better Country: 300 Years of American Presbyterianism. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishers, 2007.
Hart, Darryl G. and John R. Muether. With Reverence and Awe: Returning to the Basics of Reformed Worship. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishers, 2002.
Fortson III, S. Donald. The Presbyterian Story: Origins and Progress of a Reformed Tradition. Second Edition. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2013.
Leith, John H. Introduction to the Reformed Tradition:A Way of Being the Christian Community. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1977.
Lucas, Sean M. On Being Presbyterian: Our Beliefs, Practices, and Stories. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishers, 2006.
The Confession of Faith and Catechisms. American Edition (1788). Jointly published by Great Commission Publications (PCA) in Atlanta, GA, and the Committee on Christian Education (OPC) in Willow Grove, PA, 2005.
“Whereas it is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor; and Whereas both Houses of Congress have, by their joint committee, requested me to recommend to the people of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer, to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many and signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness. Now, therefore, I do recommend and assign Thursday, the 26th day of November next, to be devoted by the people of these States to the service of that great and glorious Being who is the beneficent author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be.” —George Washington (October 3, 1789)
“When the truth was suffocated by such pervasive, thick darkness; when religion was polluted by so many godless superstitions; when the worship of God was corrupted by horrid sacrilege and His glory was lying prostrate; when the benefit of redemption was buried under many twisted opinions, people drunk on the destructive confidence of works sought salvation elsewhere than in Christ, the administration of the sacraments was partly mangled and destroyed, partly corrupted by many human inventions mixed in, partly defiled by for-profit markets; when the government of the church had degenerated into a totally confused wasteland; when those who were sitting in the place of pastors first damaged the church very much by a loose way of living; when they exercised harsh and especially harmful tyranny over souls, the people were led like a herd of cattle to destruction by every kind of error—Luther emerged, then others appeared, who with united devotion sought out reasons and ways by which religion could be freshly purged from so many corruptions, the doctrine of godliness be restored to its purity, and the church be brought together out of such distress into a tolerable condition. We still proceed in this course today.” (Calvin, The Necessity of Reforming the Church, 22-23)
— Dr. Marcus J. Serven
Source: John Calvin. The Necessity of Reforming the Church (1544). Sanford, FL: Reformation Trust Publishing, 2020.
Here is one artist’s portrayal of the ugly scene in Paris, France when thousands of French Huguenots were murdered at the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre on the night of August 23-24, 1572 is a sad legacy of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. It is difficult for me to even imagine the horror of that night! Thousands of French Protestants (i.e. the Huguenots) were viciously murdered by Roman Catholic troops loyal to King Charles IX and his mother Catherine de’ Medici. From that time on, the Huguenots became an oppressed minority in France–often hunted down, brutally arrested, falsely imprisoned, and martyred for their faith. They persevered through much persecution and suffered for the sake of the Gospel.
French Huguenot Church in Charleston, South Carolina
In the late 1600’s many French Huguenot families fled to America. The first Huguenot church was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1681. It still stands today and is an active congregation whose members maintain the witness of the Huguenot faith (i.e. Reformed Calvinistic Protestantism). The Huguenots who came to America and settled in the Carolinas were largely responsible for resisting the tyranny of Great Britain during the late-1700’s during the Revolutionary War. We owe them a debt that cannot be repaid.
It is proper, in my opinion, to remember them as sincere Christian men and women who treasured religious freedom and who rejected oppressive government. And that, is a wonderful testimony to their persevering spirit! Surely Jesus spoke of them when he preached, “Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake for theirs is the kingdom of heaven” (Matthew 5:10).
