“Trust in the LORD with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make straight your paths.” Proverbs 3:5-6
As a young man Nicholas Von Zinzendorf (1700-1760) struggled with what the Lord would have him do in his life. He thought, “Perhaps I should be a missionary, or a minister, or an evangelist. How can I decide between these three?” But his wise and pious Grandmother urged him to accept the fact that he had been born a Prince who in time would become a very powerful Count amongst the nobility in Saxony, Germany. In God’s providence he would inherit thousands upon thousands of acres of land, several fortified castles, and an immense fortune. He would be a ruler over many subjects, and if he followed his father’s example he would be a wise and compassionate leader. He still, however, questioned his calling as a future ruler.
Count Nicholas Von Zinzendorf’s impressive estate in Herrnhut, Saxony
Going off to foreign lands with the gospel seemed so much more exciting and glamorous to him! He dreamed of serving the Lord and sharing the gospel with the heathen tribes all around the world. One day when Zinzendorf was eighteen years old he was touring a museum in Dusseldorf, Germany when he came across a famous painting—Ecce Homo (“Behold the Man”) by Domenica Feti. In the title the artist quotes the mocking words of Pontius Pilate as he presents Jesus Christ to the hostile crowd in Jerusalem before sending him off to be crucified–“Behold the Man!” (see: John 19:5). The artist also gives his painting the caption, “This I have suffered for you; now what will you do for me?” This painting and the challenging question attributed to Jesus deeply stirred the young man. As he reflected upon this experience, along with his Grandmother’s wise counsel, he realized that he could serve God as a Count just as well as serving Him as a missionary, minister, or evangelist. Zinzendorf wrote in his diary, “I have loved him [Jesus Christ] for a long time, but I have never actually done anything for Him. From now on I will do whatever He leads me to do.” He determined at that moment to fulfill his destiny and become a wise and compassionate ruler just like his father.
The Czech Preacher & Martyr, Jan Hus (1369-1415)
In time, Zinzendorf legally inherited the land, the castles, and the wealth. He took his place amongst the German nobility as the Count of Saxony. About the same time he also became aware of the many trials and tribulations of a small group of Christian refugees in nearby regions. What exactly was their story? Two hundred and fifty years before, the ancestors of these refugees had come to Christ through the powerful preaching ministry of the Czech minister Jan Hus (1369-1415). Ever since Jan Hus had been betrayed and put to death, his followers had been harassed and persecuted so much that they fled into the forests of Bohemia never settling but moving from place to place. They became known as the “Bohemian Brethren” and eventually sought refuge in Austria, Poland, Southern Germany, and Moravia. In 1722 when Zinzendorf heard about their sufferings his heart was broken and he invited these religious refugees to settle on his land. He called the settlement Herrnhut (lit. “under the Lord’s watch”) and eventually they became known as the Moravians. While they were under Count Zinzendorf’s protection, they flourished and began earnestly training to go to far-away lands as missionaries to preach the gospel, make disciples, and establish churches.
Moravian Missionaries preaching the Gospel to the natives in North America
Where did the Moravians go? In 1732 some went to the West Indies to evangelize the African slaves of the Caribbean. Some went to the frozen lands of Greenland and Labrador to preach to the Eskimos. Some went to the South Sea Islands to minister to the native tribes and fierce head-hunters. Some went to India to proselytize the Hindus. And some went to the American colonies to bring the gospel to the native Indians. In 1735 John Wesley—the famous preacher and evangelist of the 1st Great Awakening—encountered Moravian missionaries on the same ship that he was traveling on when he sailed to Georgia as a missionary.
A year later after a dismal experience in Georgia Wesley encountered some Moravian missionaries once more when he returned to England. He recorded in his personal Journal how impressed he was with their piety and courage during a life-threatening storm at sea. He also reflected in his Journal, “I went to Georgia to convert the Lost, but Oh who will convert me?” Once he arrived back in England, Wesley sought out a Moravian gathering at the Fetter Lane Chapel in London. There he heard the fiery Moravian preacher, Peter Boehler, read from Martin Luther’s Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the Romans and give a short message on Romans 1:16-17. As a result, Wesley’s “heart was strangely warmed” and by the regenerating power of God he was thoroughly converted. Throughout the remainder of his life Wesley conducted extensive preaching missions in England and America. From this effort the Methodist Church was established. The simple witness of the Moravians had an absolutely huge impact upon his life and future ministry.
Nicholas Von Zinzendorf in his maturity (1700-1760)
And so, did Nicholas Von Zinzendorf make the right decision? It turned out that he found great purpose and intense satisfaction in doing the very thing that was right in front of him—fulfilling his call to become a Count, a kind-hearted ruler, and a member of the German nobility. Given his immense wealth and extensive properties he was able to minister to fellow Christians who were persecuted and afflicted. He provided safety and security at Herrnhut so that the Moravians could equip themselves as missionaries, ministers, and evangelists. He died a happy man knowing that the Lord had used his service as a Count in a remarkable and lasting way. Truly, he “trusted the Lord with all his heart…and the Lord made straight all his paths” (Prov. 3:5-6). Let each one of us resolve to do the same—to trust the Lord to direct our steps, and to be faithful at doing what lies right in front of us.
Hernhut as it looks today: “The little village that changed the world”
Resources for Further Study:
Douglas, J. D. ed. The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church. Revised Edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1978.
The seal and motto of the Moravians
“Bohemian Brethren” by Peter Toon
“Boehler, Peter” by J. G. G. Norman
“Constance, Council of” by Robert G. Clouse
“Czechoslovak Church” by J. G. G. Norman
“Hus, Jan” by Matthew Spinka
“Luther, Martin” by Carl S. Meyer
“Moravian Brethren” by J. G. G. Norman
“Pietism” by Robert G. Clouse
“Wesley, John” by A. Skevington Wood
“Zinzendorf, Nicholas Von” by Richard V. Pierard
Firak, Tom. “Zinzendorf, Nicholas Von” in Who’s Who In Christian History. J. D. Douglas, ed. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1992.
Houghton, S. M. Sketches from Church History. Edinburgh, Scotland: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1980.
Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions. Second Edition. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1986.
Outler, Albert C., ed. John Wesley. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Schattschneider, Allen W. Through Five Hundred Years: A Popular History of the Moravian Church. Fourth Edition. Bethlehem, PA: The Moravian Church in America, 1996.
Serven, Marcus J. “Jan Hus (1373-1415): Bohemian Reformer and Martyr” on The Genevan Foundation Website, 2012. (Here)
Dr. Marcus J. Serven, ThM and DMin
The Genevan Foundation – Copyright, Sept. 2025 – All Rights Reserved
“Precious in the sight of the LORD is the death of his saints.” Ps. 116:15
I’ve only known Voddie Baucham through his fine books on the Christian family and the fact that my daughter-in-law, Micaela, grew up under his pastoral ministry at Grace Family Baptist Church in Houston, Texas. Briefly stated, he had a stellar impact upon the Southern Baptist Convention (through the Founders Ministry and his overseas teaching in Zambia). Moreover, he was an encouraging voice to many families in the broad home-schooling movement. Voddie was widely known as a persuasive and engaging preacher. He boldly addressed many conferences on the benefits of marriage and family, and he lived out these biblical admonitions in his own life by raising a solid Christian family.
Voddie was not shy about making controversial statements. For example, here is his rationale for male headship in the church and the home:
Dr. Voddie Baucham, Jr.
“When Paul argues for male headship in the church in 1 Timothy 2:12-13, he bases his argument on the Genesis account. Paul sees Adam’s headship in the garden of Eden as the basis for male headship today in the church and the home. The issue for Paul in marriage is not who’s smarter, stronger, or more important; for him, as well as for the other biblical writers, the question is one of God-ordained order. Thus Paul declares that ‘the head of every man is Christ, the head of a wife is her husband, and the head of Christ is God’ (1 Cor. 11:3). This is a crucial point. If male headship is merely a preference, we have no right to argue for it as an essential element of family shepherding. If, however, it’s a truth based on God’s decree and design, we have no right to argue for anything else.”
— Voddie Baucham, Family Shepherds, 101
This kind of argumentation is biblical, experiential, and rational. Many young Christian men have greatly benefited from Voddie’s clear articulation of the Bible’s teaching about male and female roles in marriage. His books have been like a fresh breeze that blows away all the smoke of a smoldering fire. The sad reality is that God’s structure for the family has been under attack for decades. Voddie has certainly done his part in reversing the trend by putting forward the Bible’s instruction for men as family shepherds. I pray others will now take up the mantle given that Voddie’s voice has been silenced.
Without question, his untimely death is a consequential loss to the Christian community, and it is one that perplexes me in light of the recent deaths of several other key Christian leaders–Dr. John MacArthur and Charlie Kirk. Why at this time, O Lord? Perhaps it is best to simply affirm that God knows when it is the right time to take his servants home to heaven (Ps. 116:15; John 14:1-6; Rom. 8:28). After all, we only “see through a glass darkly” (1 Cor. 13:12) and cannot comprehend the full picture of God’s sovereign plan (Deut. 29:29). Thus, we must trust that God’s ways are better than our own ways (Isa. 55:8-9)!
It is interesting to note that the Lord is currently raising-up lots of individuals to continue the ministries of both Dr. John MacArthur (in expository preaching), and Charlie Kirk (in evangelism and cultural engagement). And in this way, it is exciting to see how the Lord is expanding Christ’s kingdom! Many of those who are now stepping forward may have a new appreciation for Jonah–the reluctant prophet. No doubt, they are asking, “Why send me, O Lord?” But, they must also come to grips with the clear testimony of tens of thousands of reluctant individuals whom God raised-up for his divine purposes. In short, he will make you able to do the hard things that you fear (2 Cor. 3:4-6). The simple fact is that the Lord helps his people to be able to speak the truth in challenging times and under difficult circumstances. By faith, then, let us go forward!
— Dr. Marcus J. Serven
I have used each one these books by Voddie Baucham to disciple young men on the subjects of fatherhood, family, and preparation for marriage–all of them are winners!
Here is David Parker receiving his Certificate of Theological Studies. David is our first graduate from the Academy!
Yesterday, I had the special privilege of awarding David Parker his Certificate of Theological Studies from Redeemer Theological Academy! Over the past five years David faithfully completed six classes, along with exams and research papers, plus an extensive comprehensive exam at the conclusion of his studies. He exemplified the picture of a diligent student in his research and writing. I often had to remind him that his research papers did not have to be any longer than ten pages. But, he typically ignored my admonitions and wrote twenty page research papers! He so enjoyed the quest of digging deeper into theological subjects, that his zeal manifested itself in longer than required papers.
The goal of our Certificate of Theological Studies program is to equip the men and women of our congregation for various forms of ministry. We are not endeavoring to become a seminary, but we are a church-based theological education program that prepares our students to serve Jesus Christ in their own unique callings–that may be as Bible teachers (both formal and informal), small group leaders, church officers, missionaries, and evangelists. We offer in-person courses in Bible, Theology, Church History, Apologetics, and Ministry. Not all of our students have chosen to pursue the Certificate program. Each student can choose to audit classes (which have no requirements other than attending classes), or to take classes for credit towards the Certificate. It is your choice. All of our classes are offered free-of-charge.
If you find yourself in Austin, Texas on a Thursday, then feel free to drop by as a guest and see what we are all about. Our current classes are:
“Ecclesiology & Eschatology” (Systematic Theology III) — This class will be taught by Marcus Serven and meet on Thursday mornings [9:30-11:30]. Besides the weekly lectures and handouts, we will read The Glorious Body of Christ by R. B. Kuiper and Christ and the Future by Cornelis Venema. Sept. 18 through Dec. 11.
“The Old Testament Scripture” (Biblical Studies I & II) — This class will be a survey of all 39 books of the Old Testament, their authors and key themes. The class will be taught by Max Smith with readings given out each week—from your Bible and from various websites. It will meet on Thursday afternoons [12:30-2:30] Sept. 18 through Dec. 11.
— Dr. Marcus J. Serven, Director of Redeemer Theological Academy
The Memorial service for Charlie Kirk on Sunday, September 21, 2025
Question: How do you know when a person becomes a martyr?
Answer: When the movement they started doesn’t stall-out after their death, but many thousands of young men and women take-up the mantle to propel the ideals and goals of that movement forward. This is happening right now!
“Indeed, all who desire to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted, while evil people and imposters will go on from bad to worse, deceiving and being deceived.” ——- 2 Timothy 3:12-13
When we hear the words “Christian martyr” typically we think of a person who died a long time ago for the sake of Jesus Christ. For example, the Romans brutally persecuted Christians in the Early Church putting many believers to death for their faith in Jesus Christ. Over the centuries, however, this horrendous practice has continued–Christians have been put to death because of their trust in God all around the globe. Interestingly, the word “martyr” actually means to be “a witness” (Gk. martureo = “to be a witness” “to bear witness” “to testify”; marturia = “a witness” “testimony” “a proof”). One of the wise fathers of the Early Church, Tertullian, prophetically wrote, “The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church.” Indeed!
As most adults know, Charlie Kirk was gunned down this past week while engaged in civil discourse on the campus of Utah Valley University in Orem, Utah. It was a terrible moment that unfolded on the internet for all to see. In my opinion, Charlie Kirk is a “Christian martyr”–clearly he was “a witness” who bore a powerful testimony to the person and work of Jesus Christ. Watch a video from any one of his many debates on college campuses around the world and it is quickly evident that the foremost thought in his mind was to defend the core beliefs of his faith in Jesus Christ. Moreover, he sought to challenge the prevailing atheistic philosophies of this dark age–whether it was the ever-changing theories of evolution, the destructive purges of Marxism, the hopelessness of Nihilism, or the prevalent despair of Postmodernism. Charlie debated all of these errors with compassion, humor, irrefutable logic, a sharp wit, and an abundance of rational evidences for the reality of Jesus Christ. He was good at it, and those who hated God were threatened by his successes. For this he was assassinated.
Also, he will be widely remembered for making the important connection between his faith in Jesus Christ and how we are to live as Christians during this particular time in history. Dr. Francis Schaeffer asked the same essential question in his ground-breaking book, “How Should We Then Live?” Like Schaeffer, Charlie Kirk took his worldview from the Bible. As a result, he extolled the dignity of all humankind (Lat. imago Dei) in contrast to those who were eager to destroy babies in the womb through abortion. He defended God’s design of two sexes (male and female), rather than to undermine this fundamental reality. His political views probably got him in the most “hot water” as he debated all-comers on the college campus. But, it must be acknowledged that his political views were merely an extension of his faith in Christ and from what he read in the Bible. He brilliantly and forcefully answered the question–How Should We Then Live?
Here is Charlie Kirk doing what he loved best–contending for the truth on college campuses
He was reviled for his views on various cultural issues: abortion, the blessing of children, election integrity, a Christian view of history, the sacredness of biblical marriage, the wrongness of men competing in women’s sports, his conviction that transgenderism was a mental disorder, and the priority of the America First agenda in contrast to globalism. Again, these views were all extensions from his basic starting point–the true revelation that God had given through the Bible. Charlie Kirk will always be remembered as a sincere disciple of Jesus Christ, a devoted husband and father, and the founder of Turning Point USA. The Bible affirms the following truth about all who die in Christ:
“And I heard a voice from heaven saying, ‘Write this: Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord from now on.’ ‘Blessed indeed,’ says the Spirit, ‘that they may rest from their labors, for their deeds follow them!’” Revelation 14:13
Redeemer Presbyterian Church (PCA) in Austin, Texas
“Him we proclaim, warning everyone and teaching everyone all wisdom, that we may present everyone mature in Christ.” Col. 1:28
What is happening this coming Fall at Redeemer Theological Academy? We are offering two courses for our students–one in Systematic Theology and a second class in Biblical Studies. Here are the course descriptions:
Here are some of the books we have used in our classes so far–all of them are winners!
“Ecclesiology & Eschatology” (Systematic Theology III) — This class will be taught by Dr. Marcus Serven and meet on Thursday mornings [9:30-11:30 AM]. Besides the weekly lectures and handouts, we will read The Glorious Body of Christ by R. B. Kuiper and Christ and the Future by Cornelis Venema. Sept. 18 through Dec. 11.
“The Old Testament Scripture” (Biblical Studies I & II) — This class will be a survey of all 39 books of the Old Testament, their authors and key themes. The class will be taught by Mr. Max Smith with readings given out each week—from your Bible and from various websites. It will meet on Thursday afternoons [12:30-2:30 PM] Sept. 18 through Dec. 11.
Both classes will be held on the campus of Redeemer Presbyterian Church in Calvin Hall, Room 206. They can be taken for credit (towards the Certificate in Theological Studies), or they can be audited (not requiring any exams or research papers). These are in-person classes and attendance is required for those taking the classes for credit. Each student is responsible to purchase their own books.
There is no tuition for our classes–they are offered free-of-charge for serious minded students who wish to grow deeper in their faith and to serve others in the name of Jesus Christ. I hope you can join us this Fall–if not as a regular student, then perhaps as a one-time visitor. Come and check it out!
— Dr. Marcus J. Serven
If You Have Questions: Contact the Director, Dr. Marcus J. Serven, with any inquiries you may have about the Academy: mserven@redeemerpres.com
To Sign-Up: Contact our Registrar, Mr. Ken Kieley, to sign-up for classes (one or both): ken.kieley@gmail.com
“I believe…in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of his Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God…” The Nicene Creed (Modern Version)
Written by Dr. Marcus J. Serven
For the past 1,700 years the Nicene Creed has stood as a formidable bulwark against theological heresy. The Christian Church has recited it in our worship services and studied its doctrinal formulations in our theology classes. The first of the Ecumenical Creeds, it set the standard for how we answer the question, “Who is Jesus Christ?” Over time its affirmations have become known as settled doctrine and as a result it has saved many a Christian from being lured into erroneous beliefs about the Lord Jesus Christ. Let us give thanks to God for the theological precision of the Nicene Creed and its careful commitment to the authority of Holy Scripture. Under what circumstances did it come about?
The Historical Context:
Called by Emperor Constantine in AD 325, this council focused on two significant problems within the Church: (1) the Melitian schisms (i.e. the re-admittance of lapsed Christians from the Diocletian persecution), (2) and the Arian crisis (i.e. the rejection of Jesus Christ as the eternal Son of God). The decisions made at the Council of Nicaea proved to be pivotal in answering these two conflicts. Dr. John H. Leith, the noted Church historian, described the context of the Council of Nicaea especially in relation to the Arian crisis in this way:
Dr. John H. Leith
“The occasion was the dispute concerning the theology of Arius, which raised in acute form the question of the meaning and significance of Jesus Christ. The Christian community had been accustomed to regard him as God as well as man. Arian theology forced the Christian Church to say in what sense he was God. Arius insisted that the Word or Son was a creature, that he was made by God, that he had a beginning, and that he was subject to change. This means, as Athanasius pointed out, that the Son does not have full and accurate knowledge of the Father. In Jesus Christ, man is not really confronted by God. The Nicene Creed insisted that God has fully come into human history in Jesus Christ. It sought to make this clear through certain key phrases in the creed: ‘That is, of the essence of the Father’; ‘True God from true God’; ‘Begotten, not created’; ‘Of one essence [reality] with the Father’.”
— John H. Leith, Creeds of the Churches, 28-29.
Constantine (c.274/280-337)
Beginning on May 20th, AD 325, the council included three hundred and eighteen representatives of which most were from the Greek-speaking East. The Latin-oriented West was only represented by four or five bishops and two priests from Rome; although Bishop Hosius (AD c.256-357) from Cordova, Spain presided over the entire council. Regarding the question of the “lapsed” (Lat. lapsi), the council determined that these individuals should be restored to fellowship within the church upon the confession of their sin and a demonstration of genuine repentance. Church officers who “lapsed” was a more complicated problem. Generally, it became the practice that they could be restored to fellowship within the Church, but not restored to their former offices.
The second question, however, proved to be much more difficult to resolve. The Arians believed that Jesus Christ was a “little god” who was created by the Father, and therefore was subordinate to the Father. After rigorous debate the council concluded that Jesus Christ was of the “same nature” (Gk. homoousias) as the Father, rather than being of “like nature” (Gk. homoiousias) to the Father. Briefly stated, Jesus was recognized as the eternal Son of God, sharing the same essential nature as God the Father. Arianism was declared to be a heresy. The statement “I and the Father are one” (in John 10:30) was clearly to be understood as a reference to the Father and the Son sharing the “same essential nature.” The Nicene Creed was formed out of this theological disputation and affirmed the doctrine that Jesus Christ was “of the same nature” with the Father.
Eusebius of Caesarea
Eusebius of Caesarea (AD c.265-c.339) submitted a baptismal creed from his own city as a basis for the final form of the creed. Athanasius (AD c.296-373), the great defender of Nicene Christology, attended this council as an assistant to his mentor, Bishop Alexander (d.328) of Alexandria. Arius (c.250-d.336) and his supporters, notably Eusebius of Nicomedia (d.342) also attended the council, but were excommunicated as a result. Arianism, though, remained popular within the Empire until it was finally repudiated at the 1st Council of Constantinople in AD 381. Hence the Creed that we now recite is sometimes referred to as the Niceo-Constantinopolitan Creed. Despite the defeat of Arianism at Constantinople (AD 381), this false system of belief claiming that Jesus Christ “was created” lives on in the heretical teachings of the modern-day Jehovah Witnesses who hold that Jesus Christ was the Father’s first created creature.
Here is a fragment in Greek from the earliest known copy of the Nicene Creed (kept at the John Rylands Library in Manchester, England)
The Development of the Creed:
During the heated debate at the council of Nicaea, Eusebius of Caesarea artfully suggested the adoption of the baptismal creed from his own church as a formula of orthodoxy. The connection between the wording in the baptismal creed of Caesarea and the future Nicene Creed can clearly be seen. The Caesarean Creed reads as follows,
“We believe in one God, the Father All-sovereign, the maker of things visible and invisible; And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Word of God, God of God, Light of Light, Life of Life, Son only-begotten, Firstborn of all creation, begotten of the Father before all ages, through whom also all things were made; who was made flesh for our salvation and lived among men, and suffered, and rose again on the third day, and ascended to the Father; We believe also in one Holy Spirit.”
The creed presented by Eusebius was certainly orthodox, but most delegates at the council recognized that it did not deal explicitly with the Arian position—and that was the very issue that must be addressed. Thus, it was taken as a foundational document, and after several additions was put forward by the council in this revised form (additions and alterations are in italics):
“We believe in one God the Father All-sovereign, maker of all things visible and invisible; And in the one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father, only-begotten, that is, of the substance of the Father, God of God, Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten not made, of one substance with the Father, through whom all things are made, things in heaven and things on the earth; who for us men and for our salvation came down and was made flesh, and became man, suffered, and rose on the third day, ascended into the heaven, is coming to judge living and dead. And in the Holy Spirit. And those that say ‘There was when he was not,’ and that, ‘He came into being from what-is-not,’ or those that allege, that the son of God is ‘Of another substance or essence’ or ‘created,’ or ‘changeable’ or ‘alterable,’ these the Catholic and Apostolic Church anathematizes.”
(Both citations are from Bettenson and Mauder, Documents of the Christian Church, 4th Edition, 26-27)
Each one of these three volumes gives the text of the Nicene Creed and speaks to the reasons why it was absolutely necessary to formulate it.
A Theological Analysis of the Nicene Creed:
As time progressed, the anathemas at the end of the Nicene Creed dropped away. The version of the Nicene Creed listed below comes from the text used by Cyril of Jerusalem (AD c.310-386) in his Catechetical Lectures on the theology of the Creed. This version also reflects the additions made at the First Council of Constantinople in AD 381. Note: The text of the Nicene Creed is in quotes; and my theological comments are in bold type.
— “We believe in one God the Father All-sovereign [Gk. pantokratora], maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.” (Affirming that God the Father is the Creator of all things, and rejecting the errors of Gnosticism and the Greek mystery religions that teach there are many so-called “gods” who are only known through a “secret knowledge.”)
— “And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten [Gk. monogenes] Son of God,” (Affirming the eternal Sonship of Jesus Christ, and rejecting the false belief of the Ebionites that Jesus was only a deeply spiritual man)
— “Begotten [Gk. gennethenta pro panton ton aionion] of the Father before all the ages,” (Affirming the pre-existence of Jesus Christ, and rejecting the false narrative of the Arians that Jesus was the Father’s first created creature)
— “Light of Light, true God of true God,” [Gk. phos et phosos, Theon alethinon ek Theou alethinou] (Teaching that Jesus Christ is of the same nature and essence [Gk. hypostasis or ousia] of God the Father, and rejecting the false teaching that Jesus was only “like” God but not truly God)
— “begotten not made,” [Gk. gennethenta ou poiethenta] (Affirming the preexistence of Jesus Christ before all time, and denying the false belief of the Arians that there was a time when Jesus Christ “was not”)
— “of one substance with the Father,” [Gk. homoousian to patri] (Essentily teaching that Jesus Christ is “coequal, consubstantial, and coeternal” [from the Confession of Chalcedon in AD 451] with the Father, against the erroneous teaching of Arianism and Eunomianism [a later variant of Arianism in the 4th Century], which asserts that Jesus Christ is only “like” God the Father but not of the same essence [i.e. that the Son of God was subordinate to the Father]. While it is true that Jesus subordinated himself to the Father’s will [cf. Luke 22:42], this in no way takes away any claim to his essential nature of being equal with God the Father [cf. John 1:1-5; 1:14, 18; 5:18; 8:56-59; 10:30-33; 17:1-5; Phil. 2:9-11; Col. 2:9; Heb. 1:1-3])
— “through whom all things were made; who for us men and for our salvation came down from heavens, and was made flesh [Gk. sarkothenta] of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary, and became man [Gk. enanthropesanta],” (Stating that Jesus Christ participated in the creation of “all things” in the beginning, and that he “was made flesh…and became man” through the Incarnation by means of the Virgin Birth. These affirmations stood against the errors of Monophysitism [Jesus has only one nature—a divine nature] and Adoptionism [Jesus only became the Son of God at his baptism])
— “and was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and suffered and was buried,” (Affirming the doctrine of the Substitutionary Atonement by use of the words “was crucified for us,” and denying the erroneous beliefs of the Ebionites [Jesus was merely a teacher, but not a Savior], the Sabellians [Jesus was only the current manifestation of God; i.e. Modalistic Monarchians] who rejected the Trinity, and the Pelagians [Jesus was only an example of righteousness, but not truly a Savior] who rejected the necessity of Jesus’ death for the forgiveness of sins)
— “and rose again on the third day according to the Scriptures, and ascended into the heavens, and sitteth on the right hand of the Father, and cometh again with glory to judge the living and dead, of whose kingdom there shall be no end.” (Teaching the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ, and his ascension into Heaven to rule over his Kingdom, and rejecting the Docetists who taught that Jesus only “appeared to be like” God. Note the magisterial progression: “…rose again…ascended…sitteth…cometh again…”)
— “And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and Life-giver, that proceedeth from the Father (Affirming the eternal procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father [this phrase was added in AD 381 at the 1st Council of Constantinople], and denying the erroneous teaching of the Sabellians that the Holy Spirit was only the “divine will” of the Father rather than the third member of the Trinity)
— (“and the Son”) [Lat. filioque] (The Filioque clause was formally added to the Nicene Creed at the Third Counsel of Toledo in AD 589. It must be acknowledged, however, that well-regarded Church Fathers such as Tertullian, Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine, and Cyril of Alexandria all affirmed that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father and the Son long before Toledo in AD 589. See John 14:26 and 15:26 for context)
— “who with Father and Son is worshipped together and glorified together, who spake by the prophets.” (Teaching that God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit are all worthy of worship, in contrast to the Sabellians [i.e. Modalistic Monarchians] who reject the doctrine of the Trinity)
— “In one holy Catholic and Apostolic Church: We acknowledge one baptism unto remission of sins. We look for a resurrection of the dead, and the life of the age to come.” (Affirming the true spiritual unity of the Church of Jesus Christ even in times of intense persecution, against the sectarian practices of Montanism [i.e. the visible church must be a pure church] and the followers of Novatian of Rome [Lat. cathari = “the pure ones”] who would not allow any of the “lapsed” to ever rejoin the Church)
(“The Nicene Creed” – the text is cited by Bettenson and Mauder, Documents of the Christian Church, 4th Edition, 27-28)
Its Relevance for Today:
Dr. Mark A. Noll, a contemporary evangelical historian from Regent College, addresses the ongoing relevance of the Nicene Creed by stating,
Dr. Mark A. Noll
“The Nicene Creed has remained for nearly seventeen centuries a secure foundation for the church’s theology, worship, and prayer. Not only does it succinctly summarize the facts of biblical revelation, but it also stands as a bulwark against the persistent human tendency to prefer logical deductions concerning what God must be like and how he must act to the lived realities of God’s self-disclosure. And it powerfully restates the realities of Christ’s divine nature, his incarnation as a human being, and the work of salvation he accomplishes for his people. The turning point in Christian history represented by the Nicene Creed was the church’s critical choice for the wisdom of God in preference to human wisdom. Theologically considered, no decision could ever be more important.”
— Mark Noll, Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity, 59.
Certainly, the Christian Church should gratefully acknowledge the abundant blessings that have come from the hard-fought debates and thoughtful conclusions that are found in the Nicene Creed. The precise theological formulations contained in it have been recognized over time as settled doctrine. In other words, the affirmations contained in the Nicene Creed are an accurate summary of the teachings of Holy Scripture (i.e orthodoxy = “the right opinion”), and they are a tested means of measuring theological error (i.e. heterodoxy = “differing in opinion”). Over the course of a year it is profitable for all Christians to recite the Nicene Creed in our worship services and to study it in our classes, knowing that previous generations of Bible-believing Christians have clung to its affirmations as we must do as well.
What actually happened at the Council of Nicaea? It would be difficult to find better resources than these three books that go into great detail about its actual proceedings–all are winners!
Resources for Further Study:
Berkhof, Louis. The History of Christian Doctrines. Edinburgh, Scotland: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1937.
Bettenson, Henry and Chris Maunder, eds. Documents of the Christian Church. Fourth Edition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Boer, Harry R. A Short History of the Early Church. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1976.
Boyle, Isaac. “A Historical View of the Council of Nice” in The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius Pamphilus. Grand Rapids, MI: Reprint, Baker Book House, 1992.
Brown, Harold O. J. Heresies: The Image of Christ in the Mirror of Heresy and Orthodoxy from the Apostles to the Present. New York, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1984.
Cunningham, William. Historical Theology. Volume 1. First Published in 1862; Edinburgh, Scotland: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1960.
Douglas, J. D., gen. ed. The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church. Revised Edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1978.
“Adoptianism” by Harold H. Rowdon
“Arianism” by Samuel J. Mikolaski
“Athanasian Creed” by Samuel J. Mikolaski
“Athanasius” by Samuel J. Mikolaski
“Christology” by Samuel J. Mikolaski
“Constantinople, First Council of (381)” by G. T. D. Angel
“Constantine the Great” by David F. Wright
“Docetism” by G. W. Grogan
“Donatists” by David F. Wright
“Ebonites” by H. L. Ellison
“Eusebius of Caesarea” by J. G. G. Norman
“Eusebius of Nicomedia” by Peter Toon
“Gnosticism” by Edwin Yamauchi
“Heresy” by Stephen S. Smalley
“Holy Spirit” by Leon Morris
“Lapsi” by David F. Wright
“Marcion” by W. Ward Gasque
“Martyr, Martyrology” by Ralph P. Martin
“Monarchianism” by Samual J. Mikolaski
“Monophysitism” by George Giacumakis, Jr.
“Monothelites” by H. D. McDonald
“Nicea, Council of (325)” by G. L. Carey
“Nicene Creed” by G. L. Carey
“Nestorianism, Nestorius” by Peter Toon
“Pelagianism” by David F. Wright
“Valentinus” by Clyde Curry Smith
Kelly, John N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. Second Edition. New York, NY: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1958.
Lane, Anthony N. S. A Concise History of Christian Thought. Revised Edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2006.
Leith, John H. Creeds of the Churches: A Reader in Christian Doctrine from the Bible to the Present. Third Edition. Louisville, KY: John Knox Press, 1982.
Morecraft III, Joseph C. 2,000 Years of Christian Theology. San Antonio, TX: The Vision Forum, Inc., 2012.
Noll, Mark A. Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1997.
Rushdoony, Rousas John. The Foundations of Social Order: Studies in the Creeds and Councils of the Early Church. Vallecito, CA: Ross House Books, 1968.
Schaff, Philip. The Creeds of Christendom. 3 Volumes. Sixth Edition. Revised by David S. Schaff, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1998.
Seeberg, Reinhold. Text-Book of the History of Doctrines. Translated by Charles E. Hay. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1952.
Here are three additional volumes that analyze the Nicene Creed in much broader terms–(1) how it confronts damnable heresies, (2) how it solves political struggles, and (3) how it challenges Greek philosophical presuppositions.
Dr. Marcus J. Serven, ThM and DMin
The Genevan Foundation – Copyright 2025 – All Rights Reserved
Here is a normal Thursday morning class at Redeemer Theological Academy–I am being peppered with questions by our eager students!
Below are a few pictures from our post-semester celebration at Rudy’s BBQ here in Austin, TX on May 15th. In these pictures some of us were caught with our mouths full of food–nevertheless a good time was had by all! Not everyone from our class was able to attend this celebratory BBQ. Typically, our class size was 20 students each week. The Lord continues to prosper this educational ministry of our church. We look forward to what He will do in the semesters that lay ahead.
This past year (2024-2025) we studied the “History of the Early Church.” Starting with the Apostolic Age we worked our way through the key personalities, significant events, and important doctrinal formulations of the first four and a half centuries of the Church of Jesus Christ (up to the Council of Chalcedon in A.D. 451). It was an exciting study, and one that brought about a lot of fervent discussion and spiritual growth. We also read the Early Church Fathers and Augustine’s Confessions. Both volumes were outstanding!
In addition, Mr. Max Smith taught a class on “Survey of the New Testament Scriptures.” All twenty-seven books were surveyed and discussed. Class size varied between 3-5 students. We appreciate your prayers and encouraging words as we move forward by faith at Redeemer Theological Academy.
Dr. John MacArthur, in my opinion, was one of the finest preachers in America. He is now with the Lord having succumbed to the ravages of pneumonia on Monday, July 14, 2025. Over the years I greatly appreciated Pastor MacArthur’s commitment to the full inspiration and inerrancy of the Bible. He popularized expositional preaching (“verse by verse”) at a time when people were wanting topical and applicational preaching. He was also known for his thoughtful commentaries on the New Testament and his many other books.
In particular, MacArthur stoutly led the charge in the 1980’s against the “easy-believism” of modern Evangelicalism by emphasizing the Lordship of Jesus Christ. Moreover in the mid-1990’s, along with Dr. R. C. Sproul, he defended the erosion of the gospel against a resurgent Roman Catholicism. When other Protestant theologians were willing to compromise with the Roman Catholics, MacArthur refused to do so believing that the very essence of the gospel was at stake. Later he wrote against the excesses of Charismatic worship and stood firmly against the overreach of civil government during the Covid crisis.
Even though he was a life-long Baptist (similar to C. H. Spurgeon) and a Dispensational Premillennialist (i.e. holding to a future millennial reign of Christ on the earth), MacArthur firmly adopted the Doctrines of Grace in Reformed theology (i.e. Five-Point Calvinism), oversaw a God-centered worship service each week that was regulated by Scripture, and practiced a Presbyterian form of government within his own local church (i.e. led by elders). The English Puritans were a major influence upon this theology and he delighted in promoting the works of various Puritan authors and sponsoring several conferences on the Puritans. In particular, he appreciated the preaching ministry of Dr. Martyn Lloyd-Jones of the Westminster Chapel in London, England and widely endorsed his sermons and biblical commentaries.
Here are two illustrative quotes that greatly influenced me from MacArthur’s well-regarded book, The Gospel According to Jesus:
“We must remember above all that salvation is a sovereign work of God. Biblically it is defined by what it produces, not by what one does to get it. Works are not necessary to earn salvation. But true salvation wrought by God will not fail to produce the good works that are its fruit (cf. Matthew 7:17). We are God’s workmanship. No aspect of salvation is merited by human works (Titus 3:5-7). Thus salvation cannot be defective in any dimension. As a part of His saving work, God will produce repentance, faith, sanctification, yieldedness, obedience, and ultimately glorification. Since He is not dependent on human effort in producing those elements, an experience that lacks any of them cannot be the saving work of God.”
— John MacArthur, The Gospel According to Jesus, 1st Edition, 33.
Also, consider this forceful quote,
“Thus the test of true faith is this: does it produce obedience? If not, it is not saving faith. Disobedience is unbelief. Real faith obeys.”
— John MacArthur, The Gospel According To Jesus, 1st Edition, 47.
These powerful citations demonstrate MacArthur’s commitment to not separate the believer’s justification from his sanctification. The Christian life embraces both aspects of the sovereign work of God–the forgiveness of our sins by forensic justification and our sanctification by the transforming work of the Holy Spirit. We do not have the freedom to claim Jesus Christ as our Savior while at the same time rejecting Him as our Lord. Both go together and there is no separation.
The massive sanctuary at Grace Community Church seats 3,500 worshippers for each service–and in my experience, it was always full! People are hungry for the Word of God!
My wife and I had the unique privilege of attending Grace Community Church in 1985-1986 when I returned to seminary for further studies in Systematic Theology and New Testament Greek. We heard Dr. MacArthur preach verse by verse through many books of the Bible over that formative year. This was a delight to us and his style of preaching deeply influenced me when I returned to the ministry of the pulpit in 1987. I will always be grateful for his unflagging example of personal devotion to Jesus Christ and his steadfast pastoral leadership.
The Bible affirms the following truth about the death of believers, “And I heard a voice from heaven saying, ‘Write this: Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord from now on.’ ‘Blessed indeed,’ says the Spirit, ‘that they may rest from their labors, for their deeds follow them!'” (Rev. 14:13). Such is now true for Dr. John MacArthur. Although he is absent from the body, he is now present with the Lord (2 Cor. 5:6-9). No doubt, he will be deeply missed! But let us pray that God will raise-up in our own age more preachers with the same gifts and spiritual zeal as Dr. John MacArthur. Soli Deo Gloria!
— Dr. Marcus J. Serven
An Addendum: There is a very fine biography of Dr. John MacArthur’s life and ministry written by Iain H. Murray that I would highly recommend.
Here are the details:
Murray, Iain H. John MacArthur: Servant of the Word and Flock. Edinburgh, Scotland: The Banner of Truth Trust, 2011.
The deep verdant green of the Irish countryside is so breathtakingly beautiful!
Written by Dr. Marcus J. Serven
“The Lord is my helper; I will not fear; what can man do to me?” Hebrews 13:6
Sometimes a person’s life gets “interrupted” by an event that they did not expect. That certainly happened to Patrick (AD c.389-c.463). When he was just sixteen years old Patrick was suddenly kidnapped by Irish sea-raiders, taken away from his home in England, and sold as a slave. If that difficulty happened to you, you might think that God had somehow “abandoned” you. Patrick would learn, however, that the Lord is in control of all events and that even terrible things that we can’t fully explain are used for “good” in the Christian’s life. God promises in the Bible, “…we know that for those who love God all things work together for good” (Rom. 8:28). This means that we can trust God in the midst of our trials and tribulations. And so, what happened to Patrick now that he was forced to be a slave in Ireland? In God’s providence what “good” could possibly come from all of this?
This flock of sheep is much like the ones that Patrick carefully shepherded on Skerry Hill
Here is what happened: Once Patrick was sold as a slave, his new master, Michlu, assigned him to work as a shepherd caring for the livestock. He was given a couple of Irish wolfhounds—huge and fierce dogs—to help protect the sheep, hogs, and cows from ravaging wolves. Patrick learned how to manage these dogs by speaking to them in Gaelic, the common language of the Irish people. The dogs learned to trust him, and he learned to trust them—they were a team in protecting the livestock from the wolves. The wolves were especially dangerous during the winter months when in hunger they would attack the livestock. Most times the shepherds were successful at protecting the livestock, but at other times the fierce wolves would be able to carry away the younger members of the flock. Patrick served as a shepherd for six long years. Nevertheless, he always dreamed of returning to his own family in England. One day, he came up with a plan and with the aide of a friend he set in motion his escape from captivity.
This picture gives the reader some idea of the sheer size of an Irish Wolfhound!
Leaving in the middle of the night he made his way down to the seashore where he planned to flee from Ireland by ship. No one, though, was willing to take him! He noticed that one ship was transporting a cargo of Irish wolfhounds. The sailors found them to be completely unmanageable. Patrick volunteered to care for them. To demonstrate his abilities, he calmed the wild and restless dogs by speaking to them in Gaelic. He also urged the Captain to arrange for their feeding. The dogs calmed down under Patrick’s care and he was taken aboard as a welcome passenger on the ship. Initially he was transported to Spain, but then over time he made his way back to England. What joy it was to be back at home with his father and mother!
Over the next several years he experienced a reoccurring dream—a voice would say in Gaelic, “Holy Boy, we beseech you to come and walk among us once more.” Patrick understood this to mean that God was calling him to return to Ireland—not to give himself up as a runaway slave, but to minister to the Irish people as a Missionary-Evangelist. After lots of study, prayer, and preparation the church leaders called him to that very task—to take the gospel to Ireland. When Patrick finally arrived in Ireland he was 42 years old (AD 432); this is what happened,
“…the ship landed off the coast of Dublin. Dublin was not a great city then—it was merely a village. But it was the capital of the province of Wicklow, and it was ruled by a king named Dichu. Again the ship was anchored, and again Patrick and his crew were rowed ashore. “Let us walk to the top of the hill that I see a mile away,” Patrick said. “From there we can see all of this part of the country.” As they walked toward the hill, they saw a group of men waiting there. Then the silence of the morning was shattered by the angry growling of dogs. The sound struck terror in the hearts of Patrick’s companions. Four dogs rushed down the hill toward the defenseless men who carried no swords—merely pilgrim’s staffs.”
“Patrick stood there calmly while the others dropped to their knees in fright. Surely, they thought, these wild dogs would tear them to bits. The dogs—huge, fierce Irish wolfhounds—were snarling as they rushed toward Patrick and his group of frightened men. Then Patrick’s clear voice rang out. He talked to the dogs as he had once talked to the dogs which had helped him guard the swine on Skerry Hill. He talked to them as he had talked to the dogs on Captain Tigras’ ship. And the dogs, hearing the familiar commands in the language they understood, stopped snarling. When Patrick gave a sharp command, they halted. Patrick walked toward them, talking soothingly to them. The dogs dropped to the ground. They whimpered and crawled toward Patrick, and then they arose and licked his outstretched hand.”
A Celtic Cross–clearly symbolizes the sacrificial death of Christ and the compelling testimony of the four Gospels
“The men on the hill had watched all this in amazement. Among them was Dichu, the king, who had taught the dogs to kill his enemies. To Dichu, any strangers who landed on these shores were enemies. But instead of tearing these enemies to bits, the dogs were now allowing themselves to be patted on the head by the leader of this band of strangers. Dichu led his men down the hill. “Who are you?” he asked curiously. Patrick told him. He also told him why he had come to Ireland. “But don’t you know, Patrick,” Dichu said, “that many kings in Ireland have vowed to kill you if you are indeed the one spoken of in the prophecy?” Patrick nodded. “Of course I know that, but I have faith in God.” “Do you believe that your God can protect you against the swords of the Irish kings?” Dichu asked. Patrick smiled. “That is a small thing for God to do,” he said. “I know very little about your God,” Dichu admitted. “I should like to know more. Will you and your band stay with me awhile, and will you tell me of this God of yours?”
— Quentin Reynolds, The Life of Saint Patrick, 131-133
One artist’s depiction of Patrick
Over the next thirty years (AD 432-463) Patrick faithfully shared the gospel with the people of Ireland. Sadly, they were enslaved to idols (false gods) and to evil spirits (demons). The Lord Jesus slowly began to deliver them from their unbelief, forgiving their sins, and giving them new life in Christ. One biographer notes that Patrick was busy “…sowing belief until he brought all the Ulstermen by the net of the gospel to the harbor of life.” In God’s wonderful providence all of the trials and tribulations of Patrick’s life actually equipped him for service as a Missionary-Evangelist to the Irish people. This outcome was the “good” that God had prepared him for. Due to his bold and clear preaching multitudes of Irish people professed their faith in Christ, thousands of baptisms took place, and many churches were established throughout the land. In short, the gospel message went forward in Ireland with great power!
Even though this particular Irish Celtic Church lays in ruins–the Christian faith lives on in Ireland! Jesus declared, “…the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.” (Matt. 16:18b)
Resources for Further Study:
Houghton, S. M. Sketches from Church History: An Illustrated Account of 20 Centuries of Christ’s Power. Edinburgh, Scotland: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1980.
Marshall, Catharine T. “Patrick: Missionary to the Irish” in Great Leaders of the Christian Church. Edited by John D. Woodbridge. Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988.
Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions. Second Edition. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1986.
Olsen, Ted. Christianity and the Celts. Downers Grove, Il: InterVarsity Press, 2003
Reynolds, Quentin. The Life of Saint Patrick. In the “Landmark Series.” New York, NY: Random House Publishers, 1955.
Swanson, Kevin, ed. “Patrick’s Confessions and Breastplate” in Great Christian Classics: Five Remarkable Narratives of the Faith. Parker, CO: Generations with Vision, 2010.
Rev. Dr. Marcus J. Serven, ThM and DMin
The Genevan Foundation – Copyright 2025 – All Rights Reserved
